Using the Ricardian Technique to estimate the impacts of climate change on Crop Farming in Pakistan

This study uses the Ricardian valuation technique to estimate the effect of climate change on the crop farming sector in Pakistan. As a main contribution this paper uses a large household level dataset comprising 3336 farming entities to analyze long-term climate impacts on farm net crop revenues. In particular temperature increases in key growing seasons can be harmful. Annual losses for crop farming ranging from 100-200US$can be expected. Given an average crop net income of 450US$ per hectare, these impacts can be devastating for farmers. The climate impacts will vary across geographic regions. Temperature is found to be the detrimental factor for farming in Pakistan. Precipitation changes seem to have a rather negligible effect.Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy,

Analysing agricultural productivity growth in a framework of institutional quality

This paper addresses the question whether the institutional environment of transition countries in Eastern Europe affects productivity growth in the agricultural sector. Situated in a neoclassical growth framework, a dynamic panel model for the period 1996-2005 provides evidence that poor institutional quality leads to a slowdown in agricultural productivity growth. Productivity growth is limited by a high degree of corruption, which is of particular importance given that corruption has been proven to be most prevalent in Eastern European countries. Moreover, agricultural productivity in countries where privatisation and transferability of land is restricted is found to grow at a slower rate than countries supporting market-oriented land reforms. Interestingly, the results suggest that a high degree of openness leads to a loss in agricultural productivity, suggesting that timing and sequencing of trade reforms matter. An improvement of the poor institutional quality is thus of central importance to accelerate productivity growth in Eastern European countries. --Eastern Europe,Transition,Productivity growth

Polip Nasi Rekuren Bilateral Stadium 1 Pada Pria Penderita Rhinitis Alergika

Latar Belakang. Polip nasi adalah masa lunak yang mengandung banyak cairan di dalam rongga hidung, berwarna putih keabu-abuan, yang terjadi akibat inflamasi mukosa.. Penyebab polip nasi sering dikaitkan dikaitkan dengan rhinitis alergi, asma, dan intoleransi aspirin. Banyak teori yang mengarahkan polip ini sebagai manifestasi dari inflamasi kronis, oleh karena itu, tiap kondisi yang menyebabkan adanya inflamasi kronis pada rongga hidung dapat menjadi faktor predisposisi polip. Kasus. Tn. B, 42 tahun, datang dengan keluhan kedua lubang hidung terasa tersumbat dan mengganjal sejak 1 tahun lalu, dan memberat dalam 1 bulan terakhir. Terdapat riwayat polipektomi dan rhinitis alergi. Pada rinoskopi anterior tampak kedua cavum nasi sempit, sekret Bening, konka inferior berwarna livide, terdapat massa lunak, bertangkai, bulat, soliter, dapat digerakkan, berwarna putih keabu-abuan yang berasal dari kedua meatus media. Terapi yang diberikan pada pasien ini adalah dexamethason 3x4 mg, fluticasone propionate 50 mcg 1x1 spray/kavum nasi, loratadin 1x10 mg dan direncanakan polipektomi. Pasien diberikan edukasi mengenai polip nasi. Simpulan. Rhinitis alergi merupakan salah satu faktor predisposisi timbulnya polip nasi yang bersifat rekurens. [Medula Unila.2014;2(3):73-78